Provincial Law Voids Limitations of Liability in Contract for Ship’s Engine Parts
David Constantine and Joe Thorne
In the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision in Desgagnés Transport Inc v Wärtsilä Canada Inc, 2019 SCC 58, the court examined how provincial statutes and the federal maritime law apply to purchase and sale contracts in the marine industry. The lengthy deliberation, with over 100 cases cited by the majority alone, centres on the constitutional division of powers between Canada’s federal and provincial governments. The decision will have practical implications for many players operating in marine industries in Canada.
Facts – Failed engine replacement parts, contract limiting seller liability
Desgagnés had an issue with the engine on one of their vessels, and purchased refurbished replacement parts from Wärtsilä. The purchase contract had a limitation of liability of € 50,000, a six month limited warranty, and an unfortunately ambiguous choice of law clause. After the warranty expired, the engine failed due to a defect in either refurbishment or installation. Desgagnés sued Wärtsilä for roughly $5.6 million in repair costs and lost profits.
From Wärtsilä’s perspective, they were clearly protected under the limitation of liability and expired warranty in the purchase contract. However, Desgagnés tried to rely on Québec’s civil code to invalidate both the limitation of liability and limited warranty clauses. Wärtsilä argued that federal maritime common law (ie: judicial precedent) should govern the contract. The court was forced to decide which legal regime could and would govern the contract. Desgagnés was successful at trial. The Québec Court of Appeal overturned that decision, upholding the contract’s limited warranty and limitation of liability clauses. The Supreme Court of Canada split 6-3 in their decision, but both majority and minority came to the same conclusion; that Québec’s civil code applied to the contract dispute, and that Wärtsilä owed Desgagnés $5.6 million.
Supreme Court of Canada decision – Québec law governs contract
Majority: Both Québec and federal maritime law can govern purchase contract
The majority concluded that the claim at hand, a dispute over the sale of parts for a marine vessel, presented a “double aspect”, falling under control of both heads of government. The “integral connection” would determine whether the claim fell within federal jurisdiction over navigation and shipping. They concluded that the purchase and sale of marine engine parts was “integrally connected with maritime matters”, so that maritime law would apply to the contract. However, they concluded that Québec’s provincial legislation also applies to this purchase agreement, as the selling of goods within a province fell within provincial jurisdiction over property and civil rights.
You may ask – if both Québec and federal maritime law apply, and there’s a conflict about how they treat warranties and limitations of liability, how does that get resolved? The question is more complicated than one would hope.
Neither interjurisdictional immunity nor paramountcy doctrines apply
Interjurisdictional immunity prevents one head of government from regulating matters that fall within the core of the other’s jurisdiction. Because the subject of this dispute, the purchase of marine engine parts, did not go to the core of navigation and shipping, it is not immune from regulation by Québec. Federal paramountcy provides that where there is a conflict between valid federal and provincial laws, the federal law prevails. In this case, because the provincial law in question was a statute, and the federal law was judge-made common law, the doctrine did not apply. The court reasoned that allowing judges to rule over statutes in areas that legislatures can validly regulate would be an affront to the role of our courts and elected governments. So, to answer how conflicts are resolved, the court seems to have ruled that Québec’s statutory law trumps the federal common law, and therefore the statute would govern in the case of a conflict.
Minority: maritime law has no role in sale of goods
The minority of the court also concluded that Québec law governed the purchase. They followed the “pith and substance” test, characterizing the matter as fundamentally a claim in “sale of goods in the maritime context”. They found that the sale of goods, whether in the maritime context or otherwise, is a matter falling squarely within provincial jurisdiction over property and civil rights. They pointed out that, even if they were convinced of federal jurisdiction, neither Wärtsilä nor the majority could point to or prove the existence of a body of “federal contract rules” within Canadian maritime law that could govern this dispute.
Implications of the decision
It is easy to get lost in constitutional deliberation, but the practical implications of this decision are significant. This case itself is a prime example: Wärtsila’s liability went from zero or, at worst € 50,000, to $5.6 million because of nuances about manufacturer liability in Québec’s civil code. Had that purchase agreement been governed by the laws of any other province, the outcome might have been entirely different.
This decision will affect a wide variety of participants in marine industries – from a provincially based software or equipment supplier, to a multinational shipbuilding or design company. Participants have to be aware of their obligations under federal, provincial, and territorial legislation wherever they operate, or even supply to.
For those supplying the marine industry with equipment, services or anything necessary for marine operations, and for those in the industry purchasing them, careful attention must be given to relevant legislation in provinces where they operate or transact. Additionally, careful structuring of contracts, and particularly choice of law provisions, may help to avoid risk of unfortunate surprises in both renewed and future agreements.
This update is intended for general information only. If you have questions about the above, please contact a member of our Maritime & Transportation group.
Click here to subscribe to Stewart McKelvey Thought Leadership.
Archive
By Levi Parsche As 2022 winds to a close, it’s a good time to review some of the legislative changes that have impacted Atlantic Canada in the last year — and consider what’s ahead for…
Read MoreBy Kevin Landry and Colton Smith The Bank of Canada (“BoC”) has announced the supervisory framework (the “Framework”) it will use to oversee payment service providers under the Retail Payments Activities Act. The Retail Payments Activities…
Read MoreBy John Samms, Stuart Wallace and Dave Randell On December 14, 2022, the Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Industry, Energy and Technology announced the launch of a Crown land call for bids for wind energy…
Read MoreWe are pleased to present Beyond the Border: A Year End Immigration Wrap-Up. Compiled by lawyers from our Immigration team, this 2022 update covers topics including a look back at the end of pandemic restrictions…
Read MoreNote: this is an update to a previously posted Thought Leadership piece from November 2020 to reflect the delayed coming into force of these proposed changes, as well as additional information that has become available. …
Read MoreAs part of our presenting sponsorship of the 2022 Halifax Chamber of Commerce Annual Fall Dinner, lawyers in our Immigration group compiled a series of Thought Leadership articles drawing on the themes of population retention…
Read MoreBy Brittany Trafford and Michiko Gartshore On November 16th, 2022 the Federal Government switched to the 2021 National Occupational Classification (NOC) structure from the prior 2016 version. The NOC is Canada’s national system used to…
Read MoreAs part our presenting sponsorship of the Halifax Chamber of Commerce’s Annual Fall Dinner, we are pleased to present a series of thought leadership articles highlighting the dinner’s themes of immigration, recruitment, and labour market…
Read MoreKevin Landry, Charlotte Henderson, and James Pinchak The governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is entering a new era since the Canadian Government first announced a digital charter in 2019 as part of a larger-scale overhaul…
Read MoreWe are pleased to present the eleventh issue of Discovery, our very own legal publication targeted to educational institutions in Atlantic Canada. With a new academic year well underway, the Atlantic Region is finally seeing…
Read More